1. Name the two main ‘Satyagraha’ movements organised by Mahatma Gandhi successfully in favour of peasants in 1916 and 1917.
i. Champaran Satyagraha (1916): This was the first Satyagraha movement organised by Mahatma Gandhi in favour of the peasants of Champaran district in Bihar. The movement was against the oppressive Indigo plantation system imposed by the British.
ii. Kheda Satyagraha (1917): This was the second Satyagraha movement organised by Mahatma Gandhi in favour of the peasants of Kheda district in Gujarat. The movement was against the oppressive taxation policy imposed by the British.

2. Explain the ideas of Gandhiji as he expressed in the famous book ‘Hind Swaraj’ regarding Non-cooperation. (CBSE 2012)
i. Gandhiji advocated non-cooperation as a means of achieving independence from British rule.
ii. He believed that the British rule was based on violence and exploitation and that non-cooperation was the only way to oppose it.
iii. He argued that non-cooperation should be used to oppose the British rule, not to fight against it.
iv. He believed that non-cooperation should be used to create a sense of unity, self-respect and dignity among Indians and to build a strong nation.
v. He believed that non-cooperation should be used to create a sense of brotherhood and to promote peace and harmony.

3. Mention any four factors which were responsible in arousing the spirit of nationalism in India.
i. The Partition of Bengal: The Partition of Bengal in 1905 was a major event that aroused the spirit of nationalism in India. The partition was seen as an attempt by the British to weaken the nationalist movement in India.
ii. The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre: The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre in 1919 was a major event that aroused the spirit of nationalism in India. The massacre was seen as a symbol of British brutality and a major event that sparked the Indian freedom struggle.
iii. Non-Cooperation Movement: The Non-Cooperation Movement of 1920-22 was a major event that aroused the spirit of nationalism in India. The movement was seen as a way to peacefully protest against the British rule and was a major event that sparked the Indian freedom struggle.
iv. Quit India Movement: The Quit India Movement of 1942 was a major event that aroused the spirit of nationalism in India. The movement was seen as a way to peacefully protest against the British rule and was a major event that sparked the Indian freedom struggle.

4. Explain new economic and political situations created in India during the First World War. (CBSE 2008)
                                                                               Or
What was the impact of the First World War on the economic conditions in India? (CBSE 2011)
What was the impact of the First World War on India (CBSE 2015)
(i) The War resulted in a dramatic rise in defense spending, which was funded through war loans and increased taxes, customs duties, and the introduction of income tax.
(ii) Prices skyrocketed during the War, doubling between 1913 and 1918, leading to severe financial difficulties for the general public.
(iii) Rural areas were required to provide soldiers, and the compulsory recruitment caused widespread discontent.

5. Why did Gandhiji decide to launch a nation wide ‘Satyagraha’ against the proposed Rowlatt Act 1919 Explain any three reasons. (CBSE 2010 & 2014)
                                                                                Or
What was the Rowlatt Act How it affected the National Movement.
i. The Imperial Legislative Council, headed by Justice Rowlatt, passed the Rowlatt Act on the basis of a report from the Sedition Committee.
ii. This infamous ‘black act’ granted the government and police the power to suppress political activities, and allowed the detention of political prisoners without trial for two years.
iii. Despite the united opposition of the Indian members of the Council, the Act was still passed, becoming one of the catalysts for Mahatma Gandhi to launch the Non-Cooperation Movement.

6. What were the three local issues in which Gandhiji experimented his technique of Satyagraha during the years 1917-1918 How were these issues resolved (CBSE 2011)
(i) The first experiment of the Champaran Satyagraha saw the British being forced to accede to the demands of the indigo farmers who had been oppressed by their policies.
(ii) The second experiment of the Kheda Satyagraha saw the British waive off the revenue recovery due to the famine and plague epidemic, thus helping the farmers.
(iii) The third experiment of the Ahmedabad Satyagraha saw the British having to increase the wages of the mill workers along with introducing reforms in the working conditions, in response to the protests of the workers.

7. What was Rowlatt Act How did the Indians show their disapproval towards this Act (CBSE 2011)
In 1919, the British Government passed the Rowlatt Act, a law that granted them immense authority to suppress political activities and detain political prisoners without trial for two years. This oppressive act was met with much criticism.

• In response, Mahatma Gandhi declared a non-violent civil disobedience movement against the oppressive law.
• To demonstrate their disapproval, citizens organized rallies in various cities, while workers went on strike in railways, workshops, and shops closed down.
• Furthermore, peaceful protest meetings were held at Jallianwala Bagh-Amritsar.

8. Who launched the Khilafat Movement Why was the Movement launched (CBSE 2012)
i. The Khilafat Movement was launched in 1919 by Maulana Mohammad Ali and Maulana Shaukat Ali, two brothers from the Ali family of Uttar Pradesh in cooperation with Mahatma Gandhi.
ii. The Movement was launched in response to the British government’s decision to abolish the Ottoman Caliphate, which had been a symbol of Muslim unity and identity for centuries.
iii. The Movement sought to protect the rights of Muslims in India and to restore the Ottoman Caliphate.
iv. The Movement was also a protest against the British government’s decision to divide the Middle East into separate countries, which would have resulted in the loss of Muslim political power.
v. The Movement was also a way for Indian Muslims to express their solidarity with their fellow Muslims in the Middle East.

9. Why Gandhiji supported the Khilafat Movement (CBSE 2011 & 2012)
i. Gandhiji believed that the Khilafat Movement was a just cause and it was an opportunity to unite Hindus and Muslims.
ii. He wanted to show the world that Hindus and Muslims could come together and fight for a common cause.
iii. He wanted to show the British that Indians were united and could fight for their rights.
iv. He wanted to show the world that Indians were capable of standing up for their rights and that they were not powerless.
v. He wanted to show the world that Indians could fight for their rights without resorting to violence.
vi. He wanted to show the world that Indians could use non-violence as a powerful tool to fight injustice.

10. Mention three main proposals with reference to the Non-Cooperation Movement as suggested by Mahatma Gandhi. (CBSE 2008)
                                                                                  Or
Gandhiji proposed that the Non-­Cooperation should unfold in stages. Explain. (CBSE 2013)
i. Refusal to attend government-sponsored functions and meetings: This was the first step in the Non-Cooperation Movement. It was meant to show the people’s disapproval of the British government’s policies and to demonstrate their commitment to the cause.
ii. Refusal to accept titles and honours from the British: This was a symbolic gesture to show the people’s rejection of the British rule and their desire for independence.
iii. Refusal to serve in the military: This was a direct challenge to the British rule and was meant to show the people’s commitment to the cause of freedom.
iv. Refusal to pay taxes: This was a direct challenge to the British government’s authority. It was meant to show the people’s commitment to the cause of freedom and their rejection of the oppressive tax system.
v. Refusal to use British goods: This was a way to show the people’s rejection of the British rule and their commitment to the cause of freedom.
vi. Refusal to cooperate with the British in any way: This was a way to show the people’s commitment to the cause of freedom and their rejection of the British rule.